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India landed a robotic spacecraft on the moon Wednesday, a feat that came just days after a Russian vehicle crashed into the surface after firing its thrusters for too long.
India’s spacecraft, without any astronauts on board, landed at about 8:30 a.m. Eastern time near the moon’s south pole, an area that several nations covet because it contains water in the form of ice in permanently shadowed craters.
Shortly after the lander touched down, the Indian space agency released a photo of the lunar surface taken from the craft but did not provide details about the health of the vehicle. Late Wednesday, it reported that the rover the spacecraft had been carrying had deployed. “India took a walk on the moon!” the space agency posted on social media. It added Thursday morning that, “all activities are on schedule. All systems are normal.” Plans call for the rover to operate for about 14 days to study the composition of the moon’s soil and rocks.
The successful touchdown of the Chandrayaan-3 mission was a triumph for a country with growing ambitions in space and was cheered across the nation of more than 1 billion people. India became the fourth country to land successfully on the moon, after the United States, the Soviet Union and China, and it became the first to touch down near the south pole. In 2019, a similar mission failed at the last minute because of a software issue. But the mission did successfully put a spacecraft in orbit around the moon that has been mapping the lunar surface in the years since.
“India is on the moon,” declared Sreedhara Somanath, head of the India Space Research Organization, as Prime Minister Narendra Modi watched while waving an Indian flag.
Speaking by video link from South Africa, where he is attending a summit of the BRICS nations, Modi told cheering staffers and reporters at ISRO headquarters that India was entering a historically auspicious moment. “My dear family, when we see history being made in front of us, it makes our life blessed,” he said. “This moment is the announcement of an advanced India. These moments are of invention and phenomenal growth. … We had taken a pledge on Earth and realized it on the moon.”
“This success belongs to all of humanity and it will help more missions by other countries in the future,” Modi added.
The mission is one of several destined for the lunar surface. Japan is scheduled to launch a small spacecraft to the moon later this week to test its ability to land precisely, a capability that would benefit future missions. And later this year, two private American companies, working under contract with NASA, are also scheduled to fly robotic spacecraft to the lunar surface as part of the space agency’s Artemis program.
— ISRO (@isro) August 23, 2023Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
The image captured by the
Landing Imager Camera
after the landing.It shows a portion of Chandrayaan-3's landing site. Seen also is a leg and its accompanying shadow.
Chandrayaan-3 chose a relatively flat region on the lunar surface 🙂… pic.twitter.com/xi7RVz5UvW
Ultimately, NASA intends to return humans to the moon for the first time since the last of the Apollo missions in 1972. The goal this time is to establish an enduring presence on and around the moon and to use the resources of the moon to help sustain human life. NASA also intends to assemble a small space station, called Gateway, around the moon to support the effort.
Modi has sought to bolster the India’s space agency as a symbol of the country’s stature on the global stage. Its space program is being used as a way to boost its economy and growing tech sector, analysts say. It has also sought to keep up with China, which has big ambitions in space and has already landed on the moon. India has also flexed its military space capabilities; in 2019, it hit a satellite with a missile, demonstrating its ability to target adversaries’ space assets.
Unlike rivals such as China and Russia, India has aligned itself with the United States by signing an agreement on space exploration, known as the Artemis Accords, a legal framework that governs activity in space. So far, nearly 30 countries have signed, allowing them to partner with the United States on space missions and mandating that they adhere to a set of rules, such as publicly sharing scientific discoveries and creating “safety zones” where nations could work undisturbed on the lunar surface.
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In an interview after the landing, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson called it “a significant accomplishment,” and said that “we congratulate them and we consider them our partner.”
During a signing ceremony in June, Taranjit Singh Sandhu, India’s ambassador to the United States, said: “India is a responsible space power and places the highest importance on the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space. We are confident that the Artemis Accords will advance a rule-based approach to outer space.”
After the failed landing effort in 2019, Modi vowed the country would not give up. “We came very close,” he said. “Our determination to touch the moon has become even stronger.”
The United States has also cast itself in a space race with China, which has plans to send astronauts to the moon by 2030. NASA has scheduled its first human landing, known as the Artemis III mission, for 2025, but recently NASA officials have said it would likely slip into 2026. If the schedule continues to slip, Jim Free, NASA’s associate administrator for the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, said earlier this month that NASA could “end up flying a different mission.”
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That might mean a trip around the moon without a landing, but he did not offer specifics. Nelson said in the interview that, “NASA, as always, looks at all contingencies. But the plan is Artemis III is going to land.”
Congress has been supportive of the Artemis program, protecting funding for the missions even as it cut other parts of the agency’s budget. A competition with China could spur some to push NASA to move fast and help ensure it has adequate funding.
NASA is still on track to launch four astronauts on a mission around the moon by the end of 2024. That mission, known as Artemis II, followed a successful flight of the Orion spacecraft, without any people on board, around the moon last year.
The possibility that water can be found near the lunar south pole has intrigued space agencies and scientists around the world who are eager to harvest it. Water obviously is vital for human survival and would be an important component for any lunar settlement. But broken into its component parts, hydrogen and oxygen, it could also be used as rocket fuel.
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Nelson said he was not concerned that India got to the south pole before the United States. “Space is international, and NASA has embraced that with gusto,” he said. “That’s why we go back to the moon with an international mission.”
Engineers at ISRO worked to make a more robust design for the Chandrayaan-3 flight. It launched on July 14 and flew to lunar orbit without any trouble.
“The mission is on schedule,” the agency tweeted on Tuesday. “Systems are undergoing regular checks. Smooth sailing is continuing.”
Gerry Shih contributed to this report.
FAQs
India lands a spacecraft softly on the moon’s surface? ›
On Aug. 23, India won the cosmic competition, setting Chandrayaan-3 down gently in the polar dust at 8:34 AM ET. “We have achieved a soft landing on the moon,” announced S. Somanath, the chairman of ISRO—the Indian Space Research Organization, to a packed mission control.
Did Indian spacecraft land on Moon? ›India successfully landed its uncrewed Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft on the moon Wednesday. The historic occasion marked the country as a global space power and only the fourth nation to achieve a lunar landing.
Is India first to land on Moon? ›Indian Space Research Organisation charted history this week as Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on the moon's surface, making it the fourth country to do so and the only country to do so in the south polar region.
What must the spacecraft do to land softly on the Moon? ›Many spacecraft have failed to land softly on the Moon. Thrusters can help land safely and accurately but a spacecraft must brake very quickly to slow down from 6000 km/h in lunar orbit to a few km/h to ensure a soft touchdown.
What was India's journey to the Moon? ›With Chandrayaan-3's success, India became the first country to land on the south pole of the Moon. It has been three decades since India made this journey to the Moon, this time, a successful one. The space control room beamed with joy on August 23 when the Vikram lander landed on the Moon at 6:04 pm.
Which countries have soft landed on the moon? ›The Soviet Union (Interkosmos), the United States (NASA), China (CNSA) and India (ISRO) are the only four nations to have successfully achieved soft landings.
What spacecraft did India send to the moon? ›"Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 'India, I reached my destination and you too!" the ISRO announced upon touchdown. "Chandrayaan-3 has successfully soft-landed on the moon!" A "soft landing" is one in which the spacecraft touches down intact, with little to no damage.
How many times has India landed on the moon? ›Country | Agency or company | Total for country |
---|---|---|
China | CNSA | 5 |
India | ISRO | 3 |
EU | ESA | 1 |
Luxembourg | LuxSpace | 1 |
But the US was the first country to send men to the moon. The iconic moon landing took place on 21 July 1969.
How long has India been trying to land on the Moon? ›After a failed attempt nearly four years ago, India made history by becoming the first country to touch down near the little-explored south pole region and joins the United States, the Soviet Union and China in achieving a moon landing.
What does a soft landing on Moon mean? ›
A soft landing refers to the controlled descent and subsequent touchdown of a spacecraft on the lunar surface without causing significant damage to either the craft or its scientific instruments. It is achieved by reducing the spacecraft's speed gradually, allowing it to touch down gently.
What is soft landing in spacecraft? ›A soft landing is any type of aircraft, rocket or spacecraft landing that does not result in significant damage to or destruction of the vehicle or its payload, as opposed to a hard landing. The average vertical speed in a soft landing should be about 2 meters (6.6 ft) per second or less.
Why was it difficult to land a spacecraft on the Moon? ›The moon has virtually no atmosphere
This means that slowing down is dependent on firing out bounties of propellent. "There's no atmosphere, so we cannot float down," Palotai explained. "There's nothing slowing you down except your engine." Crucially, this gives astronauts smaller margins for error.
The mission sets India up to lead internationally in the exploration of frozen water on the Moon and demonstrate its scientific and technical prowess, which Prime Minister Modi remarked, “are the foundation of a bright future for our nation.”
Which was the first step on the Moon by India? ›India's first foray to the Moon
Five years after Vajpayee's announcement, on October 22, 2008 a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) blasted off from Isro's launch site at Sriharikota, beginning Chandrayaan-1's journey to the moon. The PSLV initially placed Chandrayaan-1 on a high elliptical orbit around Earth.
India's Chandrayaan-3 moon rover reveals surprising sulfur find in lunar south pole soil. Scientists have spotted an intriguing element near the moon's south pole.
Is Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on moon? ›Chandrayaan-3 has successfully soft-landed on the moon.
Was Chandrayaan 1 landed on moon? ›On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impactor probe of Chandrayaan-1 landed on the lunar surface. The MIP crashed as planned, near the South Pole of the moon at a point was named as 'Jawahar Sthal' or Jawahar Point. This came in honor of the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru and on this it was also his birthday.
What happened to India's moon lander? ›The rover's payloads are turned off and data it collected has been transmitted to Earth, India's space agency says. India's moon rover has been switched off after completing its walk on the lunar surface two weeks after its historic landing near the lunar south pole, the country's space agency has said.